On Features of Mandarin Cities in Qing Dynasty

In early Qing Dynasty, Mandarin cities were mostly built on places which were separated from old cities. After Emperor Yongzheng, such cities were mostly built out of big ones. Thus, Mandarin cities can be divided into inner ones and outer ones. The building of them was characterized by comprehensive consideration of military, geographic and economic factors in choice of building places, long construction time, careful plans, thick city walls, all facilities for military and living purposes, and some changes in places and scales in late Qing Dynasty.